When was area invented




















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Are business terms exclusively for commercial transactions? Why do you think legazpi succeeded in befriending rajah tupas and the cebuanos? What are the Advantages and disadvantages of compadre system? Get the Answers App. All Rights Reserved. The Elements is one of the most important works in history and had a profound impact on the development of Western civilization. Euclid began The Elements with just a few basics, 23 definitions, 5 postulates, and 5 common notions or general axioms.

An axiom is a statement that is accepted as true. From these basics, he proved his first proposition. Once proof was established for his first proposition, it could then be used as part of the proof of a second proposition, then a third, and on it went.

This process is known as the axiomatic approach. Archimedes of Syracuse — BC is regarded as the greatest of the Greek mathematicians and was also the inventor of many mechanical devices including the screw, the pulley, and the lever.

The Archimedean screw — a device for raising water from a low level to a higher one — is an invention that is still in use today. Archimedes works include his treatise Measurement of a Circle , which was an analysis of circular area, and his masterpiece On the Sphere and the Cylinder in which he determined the volumes and surface areas of spheres and cylinders.

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Paid Content A yearning to return. Travel How to travel the world—by radio. Still, people protested.

In San Francisco, a group sprang up to battle Bell and its numbering scheme. The Anti-Digit Dialing League —consisting of thousands of members at its height, including the semanticist S. Hayakawa —decried Bell's version of digital transition. The time to reverse the trend is NOW. The digit codes Bell was proposing for its system, the collective feared, would also make numbers too difficult for people to remember, encouraging dialing mistakes.

Pragmatically and morally, the argument went, All-Number Calling was wrong. The League took to an extreme the anxiety many Americans felt at the changes that Bell, the behemoth corporate interest, was imposing on their behalf.

All-Number Calling—it is clear in hindsight—stood in the minds of many for the age of the impersonal, when people live in huge apartment buildings, travel on eight-lane highways and identify themselves in many places—bank, job, income tax return, credit agency—by numbers. Those concerns feel familiar today, as we continue to navigate well-worn anxieties that pit human labor against automated, and things that are named against things that are numbered. Individual privacy was a concern even in those early days of telephony—one common argument against human phone operators being that automation would make surveillance of phone calls less likely.

It lost, however, pretty much everything else. By , the defenders of the named phone exchanges had abandoned their defense. The nation and its citizens would be, from then on, identified by numbers alone. Another thing that seems clear in hindsight: The massive corporation, in this case, was correct. From the earliest years of the telephony, advocates had called for an automated system of dialing—not just for reasons of privacy, but also for reasons of practicality.

Human operators may have added that friendly touch, but they were relatively inefficient; automated labor, it was clear, would scale much more readily than its human-conducted counterpart. Some trace the advent of the telephone number itself—the numeric aspects of the old alpha-numeric exchange addresses—to a measles outbreak that struck Lowell, Massachusetts, in the late s.

The system needed to minimize its reliance, he argued, on the vagaries of human memory. The North American Numbering Plan —the system of codes we still rely on, in augmented form, today—was a recognition of Parker's argument.

It was also, like so many other utilities we rely on for our everyday infrastructure, a corporate creation. Engineers at Bell Labs designed the numbering scheme beginning in the early s and working into the next decade. They took advantage, in that, of a supremely rare and an even more supremely geeky opportunity: to design a system, from scratch, that would ensure a maximum amount of efficiency for a maximum number of phone users.

The area codes that lead our own phone numbers today—, , —were direct results of their work. They were also based on a particular type of hardware: rotary phones. To use those phones , you placed a finger in the hole of the number you intended to dial, then rotated the dial clockwise until you hit the phone's finger stop.

What this translated to, as far as the phone was concerned, was a series of clicks. Lower numbers on the phone, starting with 1, registered a lower number of clicks than the higher ones. What this translated to for the human user was less time required for dialing. The system Bell's engineers devised married the hardware of the rotary phone to the machines that would provide the infrastructure for the nation's expanding phone network.

Computers, back then, were primitive.



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